Голый Сочи, или Олимпийское наследие города

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Выяснив, кто съедает наш город, нам ничего не остается, как рассказать, что с этим делать. SCAPP продолжает нагнетать экологическую обстановку в Сочи и рассказывать о вредителях, которые могут оставить курорту голые горы, пустынные улицы и Дендрарий без пальм и самшита.

 

История

 

Шел 2012 год, город Сочи строился, шлифовался, отмывался, учил английский — словом, готовился к Олимпийским играм. Задумавшись, чем озеленить Олимпийскую деревню в Имеретинке, было принято решение обратить свой взор на Италию и búxus sempervírens, в простонародье — самшит вечнозеленый. Чуть позже пришла первая посылочка из Италии: несколько тысяч посадочного материала. Все радостно выдохнули — «одной проблемой меньше», и переключились на другие предолимпийские заботы. Тем временем наступил сентябрь 2012 года, когда сотрудники питомника временного содержания посадочного материала, заметили каких-то гусениц, охотно поедавших листья завезенного самшита. С этого и начались приключения самшитовой огневки в Сочи.

Не получив никакого противодействия в питомнике, бабочка-огневка начала с удивительной скоростью распространяться по Краснодарскому краю. Уже в 2013 году огневку обнаружили в Краснодаре, Новороссийске, Геленджике и природных памятниках Сочи: заразились Сочинский национальный парк и Кавказский биосферный заповедник. Адекватно ответить вредителям никто не мог: обычная химия на насекомых не действовала, механический способ уничтожения неэффективен, плюс у гусениц нет естественных врагов, так как их никто не хочет трогать из-за ядовитых алкалоидов. Добавьте к этому приоритет на Олимпийские игры и кажущуюся тогда незначительность проблемы — идеальный рецепт для размножения.

 

 

В 2014 году огневка начала съедать Краснодар, Абхазию, города Черноморского побережья, Тисо-самшитовую рощу и Дендрарий. Когда масштаб пиршества гусениц начал потрясать воображение, очнулось правительство и городские администрации, открыто заявившие, что проблема существует, что она решается — в общем, ждите, мы что-нибудь придумаем. Пока мы ждали, в Сочи продолжали завозить разнообразный посадочный материал: пальмы, самшит, эвкалипт и другие экзоты. Для озеленения, конечно. Вместе с пальмами из Италии приехали туристы. Нет, не китайцы, а красный пальмовый долгоносик, эвкалиптовая хальцида, пальмовый мотылек, офелимус маскела, эвкалиптовая псилида, ацизия, эвкалиптовая листоблошка, охридский минер — всего около 20 новых для нашей местности насекомых-вредителей, которые #прямосейчас догрызают очередную пальму/самшит/эвкалипт/каштан/клен/мимозу или твой любимый виноградник.

 

Химией потравите!

 

По словам председателя экологического совета Сочи Владимира Остапука, в Сочи отсутствует служба проверки ввозимых растений, поэтому каждое новое дерево из-за рубежа — это игра в русскую рулетку. Но сейчас это не самое главное. Что делать с теми, кого уже привезли? Правильно — уничтожить. Как? Химией их потравите! Да, отличное решение. Так и сделала городская администрация в пределах центра города. Самшит опрыскали — самшит спасли. А на территории Сочинского национального парка (Дендрарий) и Кавказского биосферного заповедника (Тисо-самшитовая роща) этого не делают из-за законов РФ, которые запрещают использовать химические препараты в пределах заповедных зон. Соответственно городские самшитники спасены на время, так как голодные гусеницы будут снова и снова искать новые источники пищи. Но делая упор на проблему огневки, мы поступаем также, как и Минприроды в 2012 году: не замечаем еще более опасных вредителей.

 

 

Красный пальмовый долгоносик и пальмовый мотылек не любят самшит, они предпочитают пальмы. Да, пальмы, боготворимые туристами и выделяющие Сочи от остальных черноморских курортов России. Для того, чтобы понять опасность жука долгоносика выясняем, как он развивается. Самка жука откладывает на вершину пальмы 200-300 яиц. Через неделю появляются голодные личинки, которые пробираются внутрь ствола и начинают есть сердцевину пальмы тем самым уничтожая ее точку роста. Пока личинки изнутри едят пальму, снаружи все без изменений: дерево цветет и пахнет. А примерно через 6-12 месяцев пальмовое дерево резко осыпается, засыхает и умирает. При этом определить наличие вредителей в, вроде бы, здоровой пальме очень сложно: нужен стетоскоп или специально обученная собака. Собак нужно выписывать из Испании, а со стетоскопом никто не хочет возиться, поэтому долгоносики активно заселяют новые территории: зараженные пальмы уже есть в Имеретинской низменности, Адлерском и Хостинском районах города.

 

Что делать?

 

Однозначного ответа нет даже у Министерства природы. Пока они только предлагают, обсуждают и рассматривают. Они предлагают запустить китайских ос, которые в лабораторных условиях питаются огневкой, просят Генпрокуратуру проверить гусениц на предмет диверсии и раздумывают над предложением ввести режим чрезвычайной ситуации, и тем самым одобрить использование химических препаратов на территории заповедников. Кажется, бюрократическая машина завертелась, только лучше от этого самшиту и пальмам не становится. От сочинского самшита осталось всего 10%, природный памятник Тисо-самшитовая роща вымерла, пальмы и эвкалипт в зоне повышенного риска, голодающая огневка начала питаться кленом, ясенем, ежевикой и другими видами растений, китайская оса, после возможной победы над самшитовой огневкой, может стать новым вредителем города, а химические препараты могут навредить флоре и фауне заповедников — городской ландшафт и природные достопримечательности города находятся в пред-апокалипсическом состоянии. И ни у кого нет единственно правильного решения. Зато нам точно известно, что в этом году мы все еще сможем полюбоваться нашими экзотами и пальмами, но, возможно, последний раз в жизни. Мы не нагнетаем, а просто приводим мнение экологов, которые говорят, что этот год для природы Сочи будет решающим: «Либо мы их, либо они нас».

 

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