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• O seu programa de musculação em se?:

  01/11/2025 в 09:08

  Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of pure
  and artificial hormones that owe their name to their chemical structure (the steroid
  nucleus, see Figure 1) and the biological effects (anabolic and
  androgenic) they induce. Anabolic refers to the skeletal muscle-building properties of
  AAS, whereas androgenic refers to the induction and upkeep of
  male secondary sexual traits (which in precept consists of the anabolic motion, thereby rendering the
  time period an oxymoron (1)). It is extensively used
  therapeutically, in varied esterified varieties,
  as substitute remedy in male hypogonadism. Testosterone,
  and a select few other AAS similar to nandrolone and oxandrolone, may additionally be prescribed
  for other medical situations (e.g., osteoporosis or aplastic anemia).
  Apart From this valid medical use, AAS are broadly used –
  or rather, abused – for his or her muscle-building and strength-increasing properties in dosages far exceeding those used therapeutically.
  For brevity, in the the rest of this evaluation we employ the time period ‘AAS use’ to discuss with the
  nonmedical high-dose abuse of AAS.
  Elevated Lp(a) ranges are thought of a longtime causal danger issue for CVD
  (140). In a double-blind trial, nandrolone decanoate (200 mg weekly) for 8
  weeks decreased Lp(a) compared with baseline, but not in contrast with placebo, in a group of bodybuilders (124).

  In the same publication, a second nonblinded
  trial is described by which AAS users self-administer their own cycle.

  Herein, Lp(a) plummeted (-83%) in contrast with baseline after eight weeks, with partial return to baseline 6 weeks after cessation of AAS use.
  Finally, in the HAARLEM research Lp(a) decreased by nearly 50% on the end
  of an AAS cycle and returned to baseline 3 months after cessation of use (46).
  Regardless, the good factor about therapeutically decreased Lp(a) on CVD danger stays unclear (142) and might only be potentially
  useful for these with elevated Lp(a) levels that
  correlate with increased CVD risk, which encompasses 15–20% of
  the population (143).
  Apart From its unwanted effects, its use may result in underestimation of CVD risk when utilizing
  threat algorithms which are guided by HDL-cholesterol levels.

  Red yeast rice extract incorporates monacolin K (lovastatin), which explains
  its efficacy in decreasing LDL-cholesterol (144). Whereas its use
  is most likely going safe (145), business red yeast rice dietary supplements can vary considerably in their lovastatin content
  (146). Berberine additionally reduces LDL-cholesterol, though this finding is generally supported by trials of poor methodological high quality (147).
  Oral AAS once more demonstrate unfavorable modifications, consistently growing
  LDL-cholesterol (38, 118, 121, 125, 126). In the HAARLEM study, LDL-cholesterol increased by 0.45 mmol/L compared with baseline (46).

  In distinction to these findings, FISH sperm evaluation revealed XY and chromosomes 1 and 9 disomies, suggesting anomalies in the meiotic process and genetic damage amongst AAS users
  [30]. Apoptosis has been reported to play an essential function in the regulation of germ cell populations in the
  adult testis. Lately, the correlation between apoptosis and excessive AAS doses and workouts has
  been experimentally assessed in animal fashions.
  Other research on prednisone have indicated that treatment with corticosteroids can improve sperm depend
  and motility. As corticosteroids may cause acute problems like infection, thrombosis and fractures, and chronic disorders like diabetes, they’re normally prescribed for short-term use.
  Corticosteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids, also referred to as
  anabolic steroids, are the two primary groups of steroids.

  Anavar’s influence on total fertility can be important, with the
  exogenous use of this steroid suppressing pure testosterone manufacturing and impacting sperm rely, motility, and morphology.

  Such inhibition can lead to transient or persistent alterations in male reproductive perform,
  finally impacting testosterone ranges. It is essential to notice that the impression of Anavar on sperm production may be reversible upon discontinuation of
  the drug.
  Menstrual alterations are frequent in endurance athletes and, contrary to what’s believed, the most typical endocrine abnormality
  is not hypothalamic suppression, however PCOS [65]. Ultrasound
  evidence of polycystic ovaries was found in the next proportion (37%) of athletes not using hormonal contraception, particularly in energy athletes,
  in comparison with the estimated prevalence (20%) within the common inhabitants [67].
  Athletes with PCOS showed greater T focus and free androgen index than regularly menstruating or non-PCOS Olympic athletes [65].
  Among APEDs, the medication most used all over the world and the one capable of inflicting the best
  harm to the reproductive function are anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) [35].
  Different substances used much less incessantly, and sometimes in association with AASs, are GH, insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin, erythropoietin, stimulants, diuretics,
  levothyroxine, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate [35]. Leptin is a 16 kDa
  peptide secreted by the adipose tissue, whose production is stimulated by meals consumption. This peptide sensitizes the HPO
  axis and its deficiency results in infertility both people and rodents, due to HPO
  axis deficiency.
  Similar results were observed in a research administering
  1.000 mg testosterone undecanoate each three months
  (227). But another study, administering 1.000 mg testosterone undecanoate each 10–14 weeks (titrated to testosterone levels) for two years, reported a clitoral length of 2.zero, 3.2,
  3.3, three.6, and three.8 cm at baseline, three, 6, 12
  and 24 months of remedy (228). Clitoral size was unaffected by a decrease dosage
  of 25 mg testosterone enanthate weekly for twenty-four weeks in hysterectomized ladies (224).
  Thus, in contrast with dysphonia and hirsutism, there seems to be the
  next threshold of androgenic action required for this
  aspect effect to occur.
  This issue was addressed in a recent systematic evaluate and meta-analysis printed by Corona et
  al.[9] wherein the authors included studies with
  male members and most research with supraphysiologic
  doses and few with therapeutic doses. In our evaluate, we included studies with male subjects taking supraphysiologic doses of AAS.
  Furthermore, most of the research included in our
  meta-analysis[20,22,26,27,28,29,30] had a control unexposed inhabitants.

  References:

  O seu programa de musculação em se?